methods-time measurement

a system of standard times for movements made by people in the performance of work tasks. Methods-time measurement was developed in the 1940s and is the most widely used of predetermined motion-time systems of work measurement designed to increase efficiency and consistency in work operations. Work operations are broken down into a set of basic motions such as reach, grasp, position, and release and standard times for each motion are calculated by analyzing films of industrial operations. Simplified versions of the system called MTM2 and MTM3, approved in 1965 and 1970 respectively, use combinations of the basic motions, such as get and put.

Abbr. MTM

* * *

n (MTM) < Mgmnt> methods-time measurement (MTM)

a work measurement technique that uses a set of established times for basic human motions to build up standard times for jobs and processes at a specific level of performance. The predetermined motiontime system is based on the idea, first conceived by Frederick Winslow Taylor and later developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, that the same length of time is required for basic human motions in whatever context they are performed. These standard times are established using time study techniques and can then be combined to provide a standard time for specific work tasks. The first PMTS, called motion time analysis, was developed in 1927, and others appeared in the United States during the 1930s. Interest in the use of PMTS increased during and after World War II. The most widely used system is methods-time measurement.

Abbr. PMTS

• methods-time measurement

• methods-time measurement

• MTBF

• MTM

• MTN

• methods time measurement: MTM

* * *

abbr (Methods-Times-Measurement) < Mgmnt> MTM (methods-time measurement)

f invar analysis

analisi del sangue blood test

* * *

analisi s.f.

1 analysis*; test; testing: analisi del sangue, blood test; analisi dell'urina, urine test; analisi chimiche, chemical tests; analisi matematica, mathematical analysis; (fis.) analisi dimensionale, dimensional analysis // (chim.): analisi qualitativa, quantitativa, qualitative, quantitative analysis; analisi spettroscopica, spectroscopic analysis // (geol.): analisi granulometrica, grain size analysis; analisi dei tempi e dei metodi, methods-time measurement; analisi radiocarbonica, radiocarbon analysis // (miner.) analisi densimetrica, float-and-sink analysis

2 (econ.) analysis*: analisi dei costi, cost analysis; analisi costi e benefici, cost-benefit analysis; analisi costi-efficacia, cost-effectiveness analysis; analisi delle immissioni, input-output analysis; analisi delle interdipendenze strutturali, input-output (o interindustry) analysis; analisi delle mansioni, job analysis; analisi di bilancio, financial statement (o balance sheet) analysis; analisi input-output, input-output analysis; analisi degli investimenti, investment analysis; analisi del flusso monetario, money-flow analysis; analisi della concorrenza, competitor analysis; analisi della domanda, demand analysis; analisi delle vendite, sales analysis; analisi di mercato, market analysis (o market research); analisi generale, macroeconomica, aggregate analysis; analisi del funzionamento di un sistema, systems analysis; analisi di tendenza, trend analysis

3 (inform.) analysis*; test; systems study: analisi funzionale, systems analysis; analisi reticolare, network analysis; analisi ottica, optical scanning; analisi di relazione, di classe, relation, class test; analisi automatica dei documenti, automatic abstracting

4 (gramm.) parsing; analysis*: analisi grammaticale, grammatical analysis; fare l'analisi di una frase, to analyse a sentence

5 ( indagine) analysis*, study: fare un'accurata analisi della situazione, to make an accurate analysis of the situation // in ultima analisi, after all

6 (psic.) analysis*: essere in analisi, to be in (o under) analysis; sottoporsi ad analisi, to undergo analysis.

* * *

sostantivo femminile invariabile

1) (esame) analysis*

2) med. test(ing)

3) mat. (disciplina) calculus*

4) psic. (psycho)analysis*

5) inform. analysis*

•

* * *

analisi

/a'nalizi/

f.inv.

 1 (esame) analysis*; in ultima analisi in the final o last analysis; in seguito a un'analisi (più) approfondita on (further) investigation

 2 med. test(ing); fare le analisi del sangue to have a blood test; fare delle analisi per scoprire la causa di un'allergia to test for an allergy

 3 mat. (disciplina) calculus*

 4 psic. (psycho)analysis*; essere in analisi to be in analysis o in therapy

 5 inform. analysis*; analisi dei dati data analysis

COMPOUNDS

analisi di bilancio budget analysis; analisi dei costi cost-accounting; analisi del discorso discourse analysis; analisi grammaticale grammatical analysis, parsing; analisi logica clause analysis; analisi del sangue blood test o screening; analisi dei sistemi systems analysis; analisi tempi e metodi time-and-motion study; analisi testuale scol. textual analysis; analisi delle urine urine test.

1) Economy: job standardization

2) Accounting: rate setting

3) Quality control: methods-time measurement

methods-time measurement

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Richard Edmund Reason was educated at Tonbridge School and the Royal College of Science (Imperial College), where he studied under Professor A.F.C.Pollard, Professor of Technical Optics. After graduating in 1925 he joined Taylor, Taylor and Hobson Ltd, Leicester, manufacturers of optical, electrical and scientific instruments, and remained with that firm throughout his career. One of his first contributions was in the development, with E.F.Fincham, of the Fincham Coincidence Optometer. At this time the firm, under William Taylor, was mainly concerned with optical instruments and lens manufacture, but in the 1930s Reason was also engaged in developing means for measuring the roughness of machined surfaces. The need for establishing standards and methods of measurement of surface finish was called for when the subcontracting of aero-engine components became necessary during the Second World War. This led to the development by Reason of an instrument in which a stylus was moved across the surface and the profile recorded electronically. This was called the Talysurf and was first produced in 1941. Further development followed, and from 1947 Reason tackled the problem of measuring roundness, producing the first Talyrond machine in 1949. The technology developed for these instruments was used in the production of others such as the Talymin Comparator and the Talyvel electronic level. Reason was also associated with the development of optical projection systems to measure the profile of parts such as gear teeth, screw threads and turbine blades. He retired in 1968 but continued as a consultant to the company. He served for many years on committees of the British Standards Institution on surface metrology and was a representative of Britain at the International Standards Organization.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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From 1844 until 1962, the Clyde shipyard of William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, produced over 1,500 ships, trained innumerable students of all nationalities in shipbuilding and marine engineering, and for the seventy-plus years of their existence were accepted worldwide as the leaders in the application of science to ship design and construction. Until the closure of the yard members of the Denny family were among the partners and later directors of the firm: they included men as distinguished as Dr Peter Denny (1821(?)–95), Sir Archibald Denny (1860–1936) and Sir Maurice Denny (1886– 1955), the main collaborator in the design of the Denny-Brown ship stabilizer.

One of the most influential of this shipbuilding family was William Denny, now referred to as William 3! His early education was at Dumbarton, then on Jersey and finally at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, before he commenced an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard. From the outset he not only showed great aptitude for learning and hard work but also displayed an ability to create good relationships with all he came into contact with. At the early age of 21 he was admitted a partner of the shipbuilding business of William Denny and Brothers, and some years later also of the associated engineering firm of Denny \& Co. His deep-felt interest in what is now known as industrial relations led him in 1871 to set up a piecework system of payment in the shipyard. In this he was helped by the Yard Manager, Richard Ramage, who later was to found the Leith shipyard, which produced the world's most elegant steam yachts. This research was published later as a pamphlet called The Worth of Wages, an unusual and forward-looking action for the 1860s, when Denny maintained that an absentee employer should earn as much contempt and disapproval as an absentee landlord! In 1880 he initiated an awards scheme for all company employees, with grants and awards for inventions and production improvements. William Denny was not slow to impose new methods and to research naval architecture, a special interest being progressive ship trials with a view to predicting effective horsepower. In time this led to his proposal to the partners to build a ship model testing tank beside the Dumbarton shipyard; this scheme was completed in 1883 and was to the third in the world (after the Admiralty tank at Torquay, managed by William Froude and the Royal Netherlands Navy facility at Amsterdam, under B.J. Tideman. In 1876 the Denny Shipyard started work with mild-quality shipbuilding steel on hulls for the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, and in 1879 the world's first two ships of any size using this weight-saving material were produced: they were the Rotomahana for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand and the Buenos Ayrean for the Allan Line of Glasgow. On the naval-architecture side he was involved in Denny's proposals for standard cross curves of stability for all ships, which had far-reaching effects and are now accepted worldwide. He served on the committee working on improvements to the Load Line regulations and many other similar public bodies. After a severe bout of typhoid and an almost unacceptable burden of work, he left the United Kingdom for South America in June 1886 to attend to business with La Platense Flotilla Company, an associate company of William Denny and Brothers. In March the following year, while in Buenos Aires, he died by his own hand, a death that caused great and genuine sadness in the West of Scotland and elsewhere.

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SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.

Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.

One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.

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